The Community Schools Revolution

21st Century Community Learning Centers, 20 U.S.C. §8243 (2000). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2000-title20/html/USCODE-2000-title20-chap70-subchapX-partI-sec8243.htm

American Federation of Teachers. (n.d.). Community schools: Case studies of what works: Albuquerque, New Mexico. https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/media/2016/cs_albuquerque.pdf

American Federation of Teachers. (2009). American Educator, 33(3). https://www.aft.org/periodical/american-educator/summer-2009

American Society of Civil Engineers. 2017. America’s infrastructure scores a D+. 2017 Infrastructure Report Card. https://2017.infrastructurereportcard.org/

Annie E. Casey Foundation. (n.d.). KIDS COUNT Data Center. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://datacenter.kidscount.org/

Arundel, K. (2021, October 20). Student engagement critical for academic, emotional recovery. K–12 Dive. https://www.k12dive.com/news/reports-highlight-importance-of-student-engagement-for-academic-emotional/608530/

Baca, J. (2010a). Seeing through others eyes [Digital mural]. RFK Community School for K–12 Education. Los Angeles, CA, United States. http://www.judybaca.com/artist/art/seeingthroughotherseyes/

Baca, J. (2010b). Tiny ripples of hope [Digital mural]. RFK Community School for K–12 Education. Los Angeles, CA, United States. http://www.judybaca.com/artist/portfolio/rfk-learning-center/

Bennett, W. (2022, October 10). Families occupying closed Oakland elementary school end protest after 130 days. California News. https://localtoday.news/ca/families-occupying-closed-oakland-elementary-school-end-protest-after-130-days-87978.html

Benson, L., Harkavy, I., & Puckett, J. (2007). Dewey’s dream: Universities and democracies in an age of education reform, civil society, public schools, and democratic citizenship. Temple University Press.

Benson, L., Harkavy, I., Puckett, J., Hartley, M., Hodges, R. A., Johnston, F. E., & Weeks, J. (2017). Knowledge for social change: Bacon, Dewey, and the revolutionary transformation of research universities in the twenty-first century. Temple University Press.

Bernalillo County Community Services. (n.d.). History of ABC community school partnership. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://www.bernco.gov/community-services/history-of-albuquerque-bernalillo-county-community-schools-partnership.aspx

Blank, M. J., Jacobson, R., Melaville, A., & Pearson, S. S. (2010). Financing community schools: Leveraging resources to support student success. Coalition for Community Schools.

Blank, M. J., Melaville, A., & Shah, B. P. (2003). Making the difference: Research and practice in community schools. Coalition for Community Schools.

Blankstein, A. and P. Noguera (2016). Excellence Through Equity: Five Principles of Courageous Leadership to Guide Achievement for Every Student. ASCD, Washington D.C. 

Boschma, J., & Brownstein, R. (2021, July). Students of color are much more likely to attend schools where most of their peers are poor. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/concentration-poverty-american-schools/471414/

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1981). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.

Brookings Task Force on Next Generation Community Schools. (2021, February). Addressing education inequality with a next generation of community schools: A blueprint for mayors, states, and the federal government. Brookings Institution. http://clcinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Next-generation-community-schools-task-force-report-FINAL.pdf

California Department of Education. (n.d.). California Community Schools Partnership Program. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/gs/hs/ccspp.asp

Carranza, R. (2019, October 10). Filling up the dream box: Strengthening teaching and learning for every New York City student. Chalkbeat New York. https://ny.chalkbeat.org/2019/10/10/21108985/filling-up-the-dream-box-strengthening-teaching-and-learning-for-every-new-york-city-student

CBS News. (2018, July 16). Billionaires are boosting charter schools across America [Video]. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/billionaires-are-boosting-charter-schools-across-america/

Center for American Progress (2022, December 15) Data on Poverty in the United States. https://www.americanprogress.org/data-view/poverty-data/.

Chetty R. and N. Hendren (2018). "The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility: Childhood Exposure Effects." The Quarterly Journal of Economics (2018), 1107–1162. doi:10.1093/qje/qjy007. 

Cincinnati Public Schools. (n.d.). Community Learning Centers. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://www.cps-k12.org/domain/152

Cline, S. (2018, June 7). Summer exacerbates the divide between rich and poor students. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/education-news/articles/2018-06-07/summer-exacerbates-the-divide-between-rich-and-poor-students

Coalition for Community Schools. (2013). Scaling up school and community partnerships: The community schools strategy. https://www.communityschools.org/scalingup/

Coalition for Community Schools. (2018). Community School Standards, 2018. Institute for Educational Leadership & Coalition for Community Schools.https://www.communityschools.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/08/Community-School-Standards-2018-1.pdf

Collaborative for Neighborhood Transformation. (n.d.). What is asset based community development (ABCD). https://resources.depaul.edu/abcd-institute/resources/Documents/WhatisAssetBasedCommunityDevelopment.pdf

Community Learning Center Institute. (2015, Spring). Lower Price Hill concept plan. http://clcinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/LPHConceptPlanCLCIMay20th-emailqualityfull.pdf

Cuban, L. (2021). Confessions of a school reformer. Harvard Education Press.

Darling-Hammond, L., LaPointe, M., Meyerson, D., Orr, M. T., & Cohen, C. (2007). Preparing school leaders for a changing world: Lessons from exemplary leadership development programs. Stanford University, Stanford Educational Leadership Institute.

Dillon, S. (2008, July 15). New vision for schools proposes broad role. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/education/14cnd-teachers.html

Dryfoos, J. G. (1994). Full-service schools: A revolution in health and social services for children, youth, and families. Jossey-Bass.

Dryfoos, J. G. (2000). Evaluation of community schools: Findings to date (ED450204). ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED450204

Dryfoos, J. G., & Maguire, M. (2002). Inside full-service community schools. Corwin.

Dryfoos, J. G., Quinn, J., & Barkin, C. (Eds.). (2005). Community schools in action: Lessons from a decade of practice. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195169591.001.0001

Easton, B. (2014). Changing course on school reform: Strategic organizing around the New York City mayoral election. VUE (Voices in Urban Education), 39, 6–13. https://www.annenberginstitute.org/sites/default/files/VUE39.pdf

Economic Modeling Specialists Inc. (2012). The economic impact of communities in schools. Communities in Schools.

EdBuild. (2019, February). 23 billion. Retrieved October 20, 2022, from https://edbuild.org/content/23-billion

Ferrara, J. (2014). Professional development schools: Creative solutions for educators. R & L Education.

Finney, A. (2022, February 21). “How dare you”: Oakland School closure decision inspires new opposition efforts. KQED. https://www.kqed.org/news/11905982/how-dare-you-oakland-school-closure-decision-inspires-new-opposition-efforts

Government Accountability Office. (2020). K–12 education: School districts frequently identified multiple building systems needing updates or replacement (GAO-20-494). https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-494.pdf

Harkavy, I. (1997). Testimony by Ira Harkavy before the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity of the Committee on Banking and Financial Services of the House of Representatives, 105th Cong., 1st sess. Government Printing Office.

Harkavy, I., & Blank, M. J. (2002, April 17). Community schools [Opinion]. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/leadership/opinion-community-schools/2002/04

Harkavy, I., Hartley, M., Axelroth Hodges, R., & Weeks, J. (2013).The promise of university-assisted community schools to transform American schooling: A report from the field, 1985–2012. Peabody Journal of Education, 88(5), 525–540.

Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. (2017, March 22). School buildings can influence student health, performance. News. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/school-buildings-student-health-performance/

Huggins, E. (2016). The Oakland Community School: A BPP Community Survival Program. https://www.erickahuggins.com/_files/ugd/1610f9_d498c6e495674b88a03407432e5c3880.pdf

Hussar, B., Zhang, J., Hein, S., Wang, K., Roberts, A., Cui, J., Smith, M., Bullock Mann, F., Barmer, A., and Dilig, R. (2020). The Condition of Education 2020 (NCES 2020-144). U. S. Department of Education, Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 24, 2023 from https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?publid=2020144.

Institute for Educational Leadership & Coalition for Community Schools. (2020). The way we do school: The making of Oakland’s Full Service Community School District [Webinar]. https://www.communityschools.org/link/join-a-network/research-practice-network/

Johnston, W. R., Engberg, J., Opper, I. M., Sontag-Padilla, L., & Xenakis, L. (2020). Illustrating the promise of community schools: An assessment of the impact of the New York City Community Schools Initiative. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR3245.html

Journey for Justice. (n.d.). History. Retrieved March 2, 2023, from https://j4jalliance.com/history-2-2/

Katz, C. (2012, December 12). New York mayoral hopefuls going to great lengths...and distances...to win City Hall. New York Daily News. https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/new-york-mayoral-hopefuls-campaign-ohio-article-1.1226094#ixzz2FtiZk3cj

Katz, E., Chatterji, R., & Alleyne, A. (2022). How to make schools safer without additional physical security measures. Center for American Progress.

Katz, J. (2018, January). Where RFK was killed, a diverse student body fulfills his vision for America. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/rfk-killed-diverse-student-body-fulfills-vision-america-180967511/

Kennedy, R. F. (1966, June). Day of Affirmation Address, University of Capetown, Capetown, South Africa [Speech audio recording]. JFK Library. https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy/robert-f-kennedy-speeches/day-of-affirmation-address-university-of-capetown-capetown-south-africa-june-6-1966

Kennedy, R. F. (1968, June 5). Transcript of Kennedy Primary Victory Speech. Speech, Los Angeles. http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/White%20Assassination%20Clippings%20Folders/Kennedy%20Family%20Folders/Kennedy%20Robert%20F/RFK%200391.pdf

Klevan, S., Daniel, J., Fehrer, K. & Maier, A. (2023). Creating the conditions for children to learn: Oakland’s districtwide community schools initiative. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/784.361

Kretzmann, J., & McKnight, J. (1996). Assets-based community development. National Civic Review, 85(4), 23–29.

Johnston, W. R., Engberg, J., Opper, I. M., Sontag-Padilla, L., & Xenakis, L. (2020). Illustrating the promise of community schools: An assessment of the impact of the New York City Community Schools initiative. RAND Corporation.

Leading Effectively Staff. (2022, May 31). The top 6 rules of leadership networking. Center for Creative Leadership. https://www.ccl.org/articles/leading-effectively-articles/top-6-rules-leadership-networking/

Los Angeles Country Office of Education. (n.d.). Community Schools. https://www.lacoe.edu/Community-Schools-Initiative/About-Community-Schools

Los Angeles Unified School District. (n.d.). Community Schools Initiative. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://achieve.lausd.net/Page/17396

Maier, A., Daniel, J., Oakes, J., & Lam, L. (2017). Community schools as an effective school improvement strategy: A review of the evidence. Learning Policy Institute.

Martinez, L., & Hayes, C. (2013). Measuring social return on investment for community schools: A case study. Children’s Aid Society.

Martinez, R., & Quartz, K. H. (2012). Zoned for change: A historical case study of the Belmont Zone of Choice. Teachers College Record, 114(10), 1–40.

Maryland State Department of Education. (n.d.). What is the blueprint for Maryland’s future? Blueprint for Maryland’s Future. Retrieved March 1, 2023, from https://blueprint.marylandpublicschools.org/

Maxwell, L. A. (2014, August 19). U.S. enrollment hits majority-minority milestone. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/leadership/u-s-school-enrollment-hits-majority-minority-milestone/2014/08

May, L. (2020, January 2). Kimmi's story: This young mom has keys to her own Lower Price Hill Home and a plan for the future. WCPO 9 Cincinnati. https://www.wcpo.com/news/transportation-development/move-up-cincinnati/kimmis-story-this-young-mom-has-keys-to-her-own-lower-price-hill-home-and-a-plan-for-the-future

McBride, A. (2021, December 17). Budget decisions loom for Oakland Unified, which faces a $40 million shortfall in coming year. The Oaklandside. https://oaklandside.org/2021/12/17/oakland-unified-budget-deficit-enrollment-attendance/

McDaniels-Wilson, C., Jeffries, J. L., & Upton, J. N. (2012). White racial consciousness in one Midwestern city: The case of Cincinnati, Ohio. Black Diaspora Review, 3(1), 24–43.

McLaughlin, M., Fehrer, K., & Leos-Urbel, J. (2020). The way we do school: The making of Oakland's Full-Service Community School District. Harvard Education Press.

Melaville, A., Berg, A. C., & Blank, M. J. (2006). Community-based learning: Engaging students for success and citizenship. Partnerships/Community, 40. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/slcepartnerships/40

Melaville, A., Blank, M. J., & Asayesh, G. (1993). Together we can: A guide for crafting a profamily system of education and human services. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

Mitchell, R. (2019, December 4). The police raid that killed two Black Panthers, shook Chicago and changed the nation. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/12/04/police-raid-that-left-two-black-panthers-dead-shook-chicago-changed-nation/

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968). Report of the National Advisory Commission on civil disorders (p. 249). https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/national-advisory-commission-civil-disorders-report

National Center for Community Schools. (1994). Building a community school. Children’s Aid Society.

National Center for Community Schools. (2011). Building community schools: A guide for action. Children’s Aid Society.

National Center for Community Schools. (2017). Leading with purpose and passion: A guide for community school directors. Children’s Aid Society.

National Education Association (n.d.). Community schools. Retrieved March 8, 2023, from https://www.nea.org/student-success/great-public-schools/community-schools

NBC News. (2014, January 27). Homework Diner serves up success [Video]. https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/homework-diner-serves-success-n16776

Oakes, J., & Espinoza, D. (2021). Community schools the New Mexico way. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/new-mexico-community-schools-report

Oakland Unified School District. (2011, June). Community schools, thriving students: A five year strategic plan. https://www.mikemcmahon.info/OUSDStrategicPlan2011.pdf

Oakland Unified School District. (2021). OUSD Fast Facts 2021–22. Oakland Unified School District’s Official Enrollment Snapshot. https://dashboards.ousd.org/views/Enrollment/Snapshot

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.). Social determinants of health. Healthy People 2030, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health

Office of Governor Gavin Newsom. (2022, June 6). Governor Newsom spotlights community schools strategy to bolster student achievement. State of California. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/06/06/governor-newsom-spotlights-community-schools-strategy-to-bolster-student-achievement/

Orange County Public Schools. (n.d.). Evans High School 2020–21 report card. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://www.ocps.net/cms/One.aspx?portalId=54703&pageId=1333790

Partnership for the Future of Learning. (2022). On the rise: Cincinnati's Community Learning Centers [Video]. https://futureforlearning.org/media/cincinnati-film-series/

Partnership for the Future of Learning. (2019, December 3). What We Do. https://futureforlearning.org/what-we-do/

Prothero, A. (2018, August 9). What are charter schools? Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/what-are-charter-schools/2018/08

Quartz, K. H., Garcia, L., Kim, Q., & Saunders, M. (2021a). UCLA Community School: Creating a workplace culture that sustains social justice educators. In A. Francois & K. H. Quartz (Eds.), Preparing and sustaining social justice educators (pp. 163–178). Harvard University Press.

Quartz, K. H., Rabin, N., Murillo, M. A., & Garcia, L. W. (2021b). Sanctuary schooling: A promising model for supporting immigrant students. In P. Gándara & J. Ee (Eds.), Schools under siege: The impact of immigration enforcement on educational equity (pp. 153–170). Harvard Education Press.

Rebell, M. (2012). The right to comprehensive educational opportunity. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 47(1), 47–117.

Remnick, D. (2021, September 20). Jelani Cobb on the Kerner Report, an unheeded warning about the consequences of racism. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/political-scene/jelani-cobb-on-the-kerner-report-an-unheeded-warning-about-the-consequences-of-racism

Riser-Kositsky, M. (2023, January 17). Education statistics: Facts about American schools. Education Week. Retrieved March 1, 2023, from https://www.edweek.org/leadership/education-statistics-facts-about-american-schools/2019/01

Rosenhall, L. (2020). Billionaires vs teachers union: Charter school fight amps up race for California governor. CalMatters. https://calmatters.org/education/2018/05/billionaires-vs-teachers-union-a-fight-over-charter-schools-amps-up-race-for-california-governor/

Sacks, V., & Murphey, D. (2018). The prevalence of adverse children experiences, nationally, by state and by race. Children Trends, Inc. https://www.childtrends.org/publications/prevalence-adverse-childhood-experiences-nationally-state-race-ethnicity

Sawchuk, S. (2020, March 20). When schools shut down we all lose. Education Week. https://edweek.org/leadership/when-school-shut-down-we-all-lose/2020/03

Solly, M. (2021, February 11). The true history behind “Judas and the Black Messiah.” Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-history-behind-judas-and-black-messiah-180976975/

Sparks, S. D. (2020, March 13). Long school closures could cost U.S. billions, cut health care capacity. Education Week. https://edweek.org/leadership/long-school-closures-could-cost-the-u-s-billions-cut-health-care-capacity/2020/03

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (n.d.). Understanding child trauma. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved March 1, 2023, from https://www.samhsa.gov/child-trauma/understanding-child-trauma

Sullivan, K. (2019, January 16). Are charter schools for profit? National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. https://www.publiccharters.org/latest-news/2019/01/16/are-charter-schools-profit

Taylor, K. (2016, June 30). Brooklyn school's supporters say the city bet against its progress. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/nyregion/brooklyn-schools-supporters-say-the-city-bet-against-its-progress.html

UCF Center for Community Schools. (n.d.). Community Partnership Schools. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://ccie.ucf.edu/communityschools/partnership-schools/#history

UCF Center for Community Schools. (2022, June 9). Community Partnership Schools 2021–22 impact data. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://ccie.ucf.edu/communityschools/partnership-schools/cps-impact-data/

UCLA Center for Community Schooling. (n.d.). Our work. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://communityschooling.gseis.ucla.edu/our-work/

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). QuickFacts: Oakland City, California: United States. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/oaklandcitycalifornia,US/PST045221

Wang, E. L., Gates, S. M., & Herman, R. (2022). District partnerships with university principal preparation programs: A summary of findings for school district leaders (RAND Principal Preparation Series, Vol. 3, Part 4). RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA413-6.html

Warren, M. R., & Goodman, D. (2018). Lift us up, don't push us out!: Voices from the front lines of the educational justice movement. Beacon Press.

Wilkins, J. (2021, December 8). 50-state comparison: States’ school accountability systems. Education Commission of the States. https://www.ecs.org/50-state-comparison-states-school-accountability-systems

Wilson, S. (2022, September 26). In Oakland, closing schools opens questions about a city's soul. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/09/18/oakland-black-schools/

Zimmerman, A. (2019, September 19). This bilingual debate team in NYC is fighting “English-only norms” at national competitions. Chalkbeat New York. https://ny.chalkbeat.org/2019/9/19/21121785/this-bilingual-debate-team-in-nyc-is-fighting-english-only-norms-at-national-competitions